New Republic

"'Thank you Senator Lux, but the pleasure's all mine. But let's not keep these formalities. If we want the Republic to function greatly, we need to all befriend each other. Don't you agree?' - Queen Jishi of Teta Empress"

The New Republic was the government that succeeded the Galactic Empire as the dominant force in the galaxy And was what the Rebel Alliance became after its reorganization. Of 6 ABY it had most of the galaxy under their control along with a formidable military force and was created by Mon Mothma and the New Republic High Command. In 10 ABY it was ruled by Chancellor Zhuge Jhe of Lothal, who aimed to implement policies to radically change the New Republic.

Please read Wookiepedia for more information regarding the New Republic in Canon.

Structure
The Galactic Senate is the residing central structure of the New Republic. And at its start, was mainly a coalition of several planets that banded together and held the same trade laws and military. However as of 10 ABY, changes were made by the residing Chancellor as to make the power more centralized in the hands of the Senate.

The capital is currently Chandrila. Though every 10 years, the capital changes based on a Senate election intended to show how the New Republic was less "Coruscant-centric" and for the people of the whole Galaxy. Candidate worlds for future capital cities include Hosnian Prime, Nakadia, Empress Teta and Rendili.

History
Reorganized from the Alliance to Restore the Republic, or also known as the Rebel Alliance, the New Republic was founded in 5 ABY soon after the Battle of Endor and the death of Emperor Palpatine. And it became the largest democratic government in the Galaxy and controlled most of it. The New Republic's early history consisted mostly of hunting down the Imperial Remnants, and most of it as follows:

The Dawn of the Republic
From 5 ABY to 10 ABY, The Dawn Era was the period in which Chancellor Mothma took charge and the NR started to settle its place as the main power in the galaxy. It had strict demilitarization plans and was focused mostly on ensuring democracy was spread across the galaxy.

On 7 ABY, once the Second Galactic Civil War started, The New Republic took several losses before accepting peace, losing Kuat and Naboo in the process. The Restoration of Concordance reset the status quo with the Second Galactic Empire as a secondary power in the universe.

It was also around this time that the Outer Reaches Development Project (ORDP) was created, and was established to improve the Mid and Outer Rim.

Main Parties
The New Republic currently is split between 4 unofficial parties, each with their own independent goals and plans. Since Mon Mothma stepped down, the Senate had been in turmoil; senators soon wanted different things to happen. The two main views were calling for a more centralized government with all authority stemming from the Senate, the other was calling for individual autonomy and more regional control.

The Populists
The Populist party, where around 50% would classify themselves as supporting, is mostly classified as an ideology rather than a proper alliance. The aligned representatives argue for a more decentralized Republic, with more focus on individual planets rather than on the central government. With very influencial politicians such as Mon Mothma and Leia Organa, the party is very much full of anti-Empire and pro-democracy members. Populists want planets to have control of their own people under the principals of democracy and freedom. Populists also are keen on demilitirsation, instead allocating the military budget to local defense forces and militias. Extremists want a near-total breakdown with the central government. Senator Jishi of Queen Empress was a Populist senator who made it into the top 2, but was not voted in to office.

The Centrists
The Centrists argue for a state more similar to the Empire (pre-0 ABY), with a central governing body presiding over the affairs of the nation. Ensuring democracy and freedom for all, and defending the idea of more state control over the entirety of the New Republic. This more centralized control stems from the Senate and all laws passed are enforced upon indiviidual planets. Senators who would consider themselves in this alignment can range from more liberal and libertarian senators to extremists who want almost complete control and authority over planets. The majority of senators here believe in stablity and are generally pro-Empire. They also favour a large centralized military force. Zhuge Jhe was a Centrist sentaor who became Chancellor in 10 ABY after Mon Mothma's term expired.

The Democratic Party
The Democrats, a very new party, was created by Zhuge. A group of idealist Centrilist. This group of politicians call for opposes an entirely unregulated market economy. It considers both liberty and equality to be compatible and mutually dependent on each other. And promotes cooperation between planets  and facilitates economic, political, milltary, education , and social integration among its members in New Republic.

The Anarcho-Autonomous Party
This group is very new and not even known. Made up of a group of extreme Populists senators, the Anarchists despises all unjustified hierarchies, they favor a decentralized government and direct democracy. They wish to put an end to capitalism and emulate the socialist policies of Kinyen across the Galaxy. Many senators see this party as extreme and a threat to stability and security. A major concern is that many of the senators and planets aligned in this party have connections with the Confederacy of Independent Systems, a seperatist movement that plagued the Galaxy during the Clone Wars.